Therapie Dublin
Add your own photos
Phone:+353 1 854 8000
Enter your number in the box below and hit the call-button to start your call. After a few seconds your phone will ring and you will be connected to this place for free!
Please enter your number with the international dialling code e.g. +353 87 234 5678
Website: www.laspatherapiemalahide.ie Getting here: Bus- 32x
- 32a
- 42
- 102
- 142
- Malahide
- Northern Suburban
- Get directions
- Similar places
- Nearby events
- Bank ATMs
- WiFi Hotspots
- Taxi Ranks
-
Langdon Down J. Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots. Clin Lectures and Reports, London Hospital 1866; 3:259�62
-
Crookshank FG. In The Mongol in our Midst. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trubner Ltd, 1924
-
Fraser J, Mitchell A. Kalmuc idiocy: report of a case with autopsy with notes on 62 cases by A. Mitchell. J Ment Sci 1876;22:169�79
-
Goddard HH. In Feeble-mindedness, its Causes and Consequences. New York: Macmillan and Co, 1914
-
Sutherland GA. Mongolian imbecility in infants. Practitioner 1899;63:632
-
Shuttleworth GE. Mongolian imbecility. Br Med J 1909;2:661�5
-
Cafferata JF. Contribution a la literature du mongolisme. Arch Med Enf 1909;12:929
-
Caldecott C. Tuberculosis as a cause of death in mongolism. Br Med J 1909;2:665
-
Tredgold AF. In Mental Deficiency (Amentia). London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, 1908
-
Stoeltzner W. Zur Atiologie des Mongolismus. Munich Med Wschr 1919;66:1943
-
Vas J. Beitrage zur Pathogenese und Therapie der Idiotia Mongoliana. Jb Kinderheik 1925;111:51
-
Benda CE, Bixby EM. Function of the thyroid and the pituitary in mongolism. Am J Dis Child 1939;58:1240
-
Barnes NP. Mongolism � importance of early recognition and treatment. Ann Clin Med 1923;1:302
-
Jenkins RL. Etiology of mongolism. Am J Dis Child 1933;45:506
-
Rosanoff AJ, Handy LM. Etiology of mongolism with special reference to its occurrence in twins. Am J Dis Child 1934;48:764
-
Bleyer A. Indications that mongoloid idiocy is a gametic mutation of degenerative type. Am J Dis Child 1934;47:342
-
Halbertsma T. Mongolism in one of twins and the etiology of mongolism. Am J Dis Child 1923;25: 350
-
Lelong M, Borniche P, Kreisler L, Baudy R. Mongolien issu de mere mongolienne. Arch Franc Pediat 1949; 6:231
-
Rehn AT, Thomas E. Family history of a mongolian girl who bore a mongolian child. Am J Ment Defic 1957;62:496
-
Penrose LS. Maternal age in familial mongolism. J Ment Sci 1951;97:738
-
Penrose LS. Mongolian idiocy (mongolism) and maternal age. Ann NY Acad Sci 1953;57:494
-
Waardenburg PJ. In Das menschliche Auge und seine Erbalagen. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1932
-
Tijo JH, Levan A. The chromosome number of man. Hereditas 1956;42:1
-
Ford CE, Hamerton JL. The chromosomes of man. Nature 1956;168:1020
-
Lejeune J, Gautier M, Turpin R. Etudes des chromosomes somatiques de neuf enfants mongoliens. C R Acad Sci 1959;248:1721
-
Jacobs PA, Baikie AG, Court Brown WM, Strong JA. The somatic chromosomes in mongolism. Lancet 1959;1:710
-
Polani PE, Briggs JH, Ford CE, Clarke CM, Berg JM. A mongol girl with 46 chromosomes. Lancet 1960;1:721
-
Penrose LS, Ellis JR, Delhanty JDA. Chromosomal translocations on mongolism and in normal relatives. Lancet 1960;2:409
-
Clarke CM, Edwards JH, Smallpiece V. 21 trisomy/normal mosaicism in an intelligent child with mongoloid characters. Lancet 1961;1:1028
-
Antonarakis SE, Lewi JG, Adelsberger PA, Petersen MB, Schinzel AA, Cohen MM, Roulston D, Schwartz S, Mikkelsen M, Tranebjorg L, Greenberg F, How DI, Rudd NL. Parental origin of the extra chromosome in trisomy 21 as indicated by analysis of DNA polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1991;324:872�6
-
Korenberg JR. Toward a molecular understanding of Down syndrome. Prog Clin Bio Res 1993;384: 87�115
-
Steele MW, Breg WR.Chromosome analysis of human amniotic-fluid cells. Lancet 1966;i:383�5
-
Valenti C, Schutta EJ, Kehaty T. Prenatal diagnosis of Down�s syndrome. Lancet 1968;ii:220
-
Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of risks. In Ultrasound Markers for Fetal Chromosomal Defects. Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing, 1996:109�13
-
Koulisher L, Gillerot Y. Down�s syndrome in Wallonia (South Belgium), 1971�1978: cytogenetics and incidence. Hum Genet 1980;54:243�50
-
Hook EB, Lindsjo A. Down syndrome in live births by single year maternal age interval in a Swedish study: comparison with results from a New York State study. AmJ Hum Genet 1978;30:19�27
-
Hecht CA, Hook EB. The imprecision in rates of Down syndrome by 1-year maternal age intervals: a critical analysis of rates used in biochemical screening. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:729�38
-
Snijders RJM, Sundberg K, Holzgreve W, Henry G, Nicolaides KH. Maternal age and gestation- specific risk for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:167�70
-
Snijders RJM, Holzgreve W, Cuckle H, Nicolaides KH. Maternal age-specific risks for trisomies at 9�14 weeks� gestation. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:543�52
-
Snijders RJM, Sebire NJ, Cuckle H, Nicolaides KH. Maternal age and gestational age-specific risks for chromosomal defects. Fetal Diag Ther 1995;10:356�67
-
Halliday JL, Watson LF, Lumley J, Danks DM, Sheffield LJ. New estimates of Down syndrome risks at chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and livebirth in women of advanced maternal age from a uniquely defined population. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15:455�65
-
Morris JK, Wald NJ, Watt HC. Fetal loss in Down syndrome pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 1999;19: 142�5
-
Macintosh MC, Wald NJ, Chard T, Hansen J, Mikkelsen M, Therkelsen AJ, Petersen GB, Lundsteen C. Selective miscarriage of Down�s syndrome fetuses in women aged 35 years and older. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:798�801
-
Snijders RJM, Sundberg K, Holzgreve W, Henry G, Nicolaides KH. Maternal age and gestation- specific risk for trisomy 21: effect of previous affected pregnancy. In press
-
Azar G, Snijders RJM, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KH. Fetal nuchal cystic hygromata: associated malformations and chromosomal defects. Fetal Diagn Ther 1991;6:46�57
-
Nicolaides KH, Azar G, Snijders RJM, Gosden CM. Fetal nuchal edema: associated malformations and chromosomal defects. Fetal Diagn Ther 1992;7:123�31
-
Whitlow BJ, Economides DL. The optimal gestational age to examine fetal anatomy and measure nuchal translucency in the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;11:258�61
-
Braithwaite JM, Economides DL. The measurement of nuchal translucency with transabdominal and transvaginal sonography � success rates, repeatability and levels of agreement. Br J Radiol 1995; 68:720�3
-
Braithwaite JM, Morris RW, Economides DL. Nuchal translucency measurements: frequency distribution and changes with gestation in a general population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103: 1201�4
-
Whitlow BJ, Chatzipapas IK, Economides DL. The effect of fetal neck position on nuchal translucency measurement. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:872�6
-
Schaefer M, Laurichesse-Delmas H, Ville Y. The effect of nuchal cord on nuchal translucency measurement at 10�14 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;11:271�3
-
Herman A, Maymon R, Dreazen E, Caspi E, Bukovsky I, Weinraub Z. Nuchal translucency audit: a novel image-scoring method. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:398�403
-
Braithwaite JM, Kadir RA, Pepera TA, Morris RW, Thompson PJ, Economides DL. Nuchal translucency measurement: training of potential examiners. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:192�5
-
Bower S, Chitty L, Bewley S, Roberts L, Clark T, Fisk NM, Maxwell D, Rodeck CH. First trimester nuchal translucency screening of the general population: data from three centres [abstract]. Presented at the 27th British Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Dublin: Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1995
-
Roberts LJ, Bewley S, Mackinson AM, Rodeck CH. First trimester fetal nuchal translucency: Problems with screening the general population 1. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:381�5
-
Monni G, Zoppi MA, Ibba RM, Floris M. Results of measurement of nuchal translucency before and after training. (Letter in reply to: Assessment of fetal nuchal translucency test for Down�s syndrome. Lancet 1997, 350:745�55). Lancet 1997;350:1631
-
Pandya PP, Altman D, Brizot ML, Pettersen H, Nicolaides KH. Repeatability of measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:334�7
-
Schuchter K, Wald N, Hackshaw AK, Hafner E, Liebhart E. The distribution of nuchal translucency at 10�13 weeks of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1998;18:281�6
-
Pajkrt E, de Graaf IM, Mol BW, van Lith JM, Bleker OP, Bilardo CM. Weekly nuchal translucency measurements in normal fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:208�11
-
Bernardino F, Cardoso R, Montenegro N, Bernardes J, de Sa JM. Semiautomated ultrasonographic measurement of fetal nuchal translucency using a computer software tool. Ultrasound Med Biol 1998; 24:51�4
-
Pandya PP, Snijders RJM, Johnson SJ, Brizot M, Nicolaides KH. Screening for fetal trisomies by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10 to 14 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:957�62
-
Snijders RJM, Noble P, Sebire N, Souka A, Nicolaides KH. UK multicentre project on assessment of risk of trisomy 21 by maternal age and fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10�14 weeks of gestation. Lancet 1998;351:343�6
-
Johnson MP, Johnson A, Holzgreve W, Isada NB, Wapner RJ, Treadwell MC, Heeger S, Evans M. First-trimester simple hygroma: cause and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:156�61
-
Hewitt B. Nuchal translucency in the first trimester. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;33:389�91
-
Shulman LP, Emerson D, Felker R, Phillips O, Simpson J, Elias S. High frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities with cystic hygroma diagnosed in the first trimester. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:80�2
-
Nicolaides KH, Azar G, Byrne D, Mansur C, Marks K. Fetal nuchal translucency: ultrasound screening for chromosomal defects in first trimester of pregnancy. Br Med J 1992;304:867�89
-
Pandya PP, Kondylios A, Hilbert L, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. Chromosomal defects and outcome in 1,015 fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:15�19
-
Szabo J, Gellen J. Nuchal fluid accumulation in trisomy-21 detected by vaginal sonography in first trimester. Lancet 1990;336:1133
-
Wilson RD, Venir N, Faquharson DF. Fetal nuchal fluid � physiological or pathological? � in pregnancies less than 17 menstrual weeks. Prenat Diagn 1992;12:755�63
-
Ville Y, Lalondrelle C, Doumerc S, Daffos F, Frydman R, Oury JF, Dumez Y. First-trimester diagnosis of nuchal anomalies: significance and fetal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1992;2:314�16
-
Trauffer ML, Anderson CE, Johnson A, Heeger S, Morgan P, Wapner RJ. The natural history of euploid pregnancies with first-trimester cystic hygromas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1279�84
-
Brambati B, Cislaghi C, Tului L, Alberti E, Amidani M, Colombo U, Zuliani G. First-trimester Down�s syndrome screening using nuchal translucency: a prospective study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5: 9�14
-
Comas C, Martinez JM, Ojuel J, Casals E, Puerto B, Borrell A, Fortuny A. First-trimester nuchal edema as a marker of aneuploidy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:26�9
-
Szabo J, Gellen J, Szemere G. First-trimester ultrasound screening for fetal aneuploidies in women over 35 and under 35 years of age. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:161�3
-
Nadel A, Bromley B, Benacerraf BR. Nuchal thickening or cystic hygromas in first- and early second-trimester fetuses: prognosis and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82: 43�8
-
Savoldelli G, Binkert F, Achermann J, Schmid W. Ultrasound screening for chromosomal anomalies in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1993;13:513�18
-
Schulte-Vallentin M, Schindler H. Non-echogenic nuchal oedema as a marker in trisomy 21 screening. Lancet 1992;339:1053
-
Van Zalen-Sprock MM, Van Vugt JMG, Van Geijn HP. First-trimester diagnosis of cystic hygroma � course and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167; 94�8
-
Cullen MT, Gabrielli S, Green JJ, Rizzo N, Mahoney MJ, Salafia C, Bovicelli L, Hobbins JC. Diagnosis and significance of cystic hygroma in the first trimester. Prenat Diagn 1990;10: 643�51
-
Suchet IB, Van der Westhuizen NG, Labatte MF. Fetal cystic hygromas: further insights into their natural history. Can Assoc Radiol J 1992;6:420�4
-
Pandya PP, Brizot ML, Kuhn P, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. First trimester fetal nuchal translucency thickness and risk for trisomies. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:420�3
-
Pandya PP, Goldberg H, Walton B, Riddle A, Shelley S, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. The implementation of first-trimester scanning at 10�13 weeks� gestation and the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness in two maternity units. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:20�5
-
Bewley S, Roberts LJ, Mackinson M, Rodeck C. First trimester fetal nuchal translucency: problems with screening the general population. II. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:386�8
-
Kornman LH, Morssink LP, Beekhuis JR, DeWolf BTHM, Heringa MP, Mantingh A. Nuchal translucency cannot be used as a screening test for chromosomal abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy in a routine ultrasound practice. Prenat Diagn 1996;16:797�805
-
Zimmerman R, Hucha A, Salvoldelli G, Binkert F, Acherman J, Grudzinskas JG. Serum parameters and nuchal translucency in first trimester screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:1009�14
-
Taipale P, Hiilesmaa V, Salonen R, Ylostalo P. Increased nuchal translucency as a marker for fetal chromosomal defects. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1654�8
-
Hafner E, Schuchter K, Liebhart E, Philipp K. Results of routine fetal nuchal translucency measurement at 10�13 weeks in 4,233 unselected pregnant women. Prenat Diagn 1998;18: 29�34
-
Pajkrt E, van Lith JMM, Mol BWJ, Bleker OP, Bilardo CM. Screening for Down�s syndrome by fetal nuchal translucency measurement in a general obstetric population. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:163�9
-
Economides DL, Whitlow BJ, Kadir R, Lazanakis M, Verdin SM. First trimester sonographic detection of chromosomal abnormalities in an unselected population. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105:58�62
-
Thilaganathan B, Slack A, Wathen NC. Effect of first-trimester nuchal translucency on second- trimester maternal serum biochemical screening for Down�s syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:261�4
-
Theodoropoulos P, Lolis D, Papageorgiou C, Papaioannou S, Plachouras N, Makrydimas G. Evaluation of first-trimester screening by fetal nuchal translucency and maternal age. Prenat Diagn 1998;18:133�7
-
Biagiotti R, Periti E, Brizzi L, Vanzi E, Cariati E. Comparison between two methods of standardization for gestational age differences in fetal nuchal translucency measurement in first-trimester screening for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;9:248�52
-
Orlandi F, Damiani G, Hallahan TW, Krantz DA, Macri JN. First-trimester screening for fetal aneuploidy: biochemistry and nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:381�6
-
Pandya PP, Snijders RJM, Johnson S, Nicolaides KH. Natural history of trisomy 21 fetuses with fetal nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5:381�3
-
Hyett JH, Sebire NJ, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. Intrauterine lethality of trisomy 21 fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7:101�3
-
Sherrod C, Sebire NJ, Soares W, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18 at the 10�14-week ultrasound scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:387�90
-
Snijders RJM, Sebire NJ, Nayar R, Souka A, Nicolaides KH. Increased nuchal translucency in trisomy 13 fetuses at 10�14 weeks of gestation. Am J Med Genet 1999:in press
-
Sebire NJ, Snijders RJ, Brown R, Southall T, Nicolaides KH. Detection of sex chromosome abnormalities by nuchal translucency screening at 10�14 weeks. Prenat Diagn 1998;18:581�4
-
Jauniaux E, Brown R, Snijders RJ, Noble P, Nicolaides KH. Early prenatal diagnosis of triploidy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:550�4
-
Reisman IE. Chromosomal abnormalities and intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Clin North Am 1970;17:101�10
-
Chen ATL, Chan YK, Falek A. The effects of chromosomal abnormalities on birth weight in man. Hum Hered 1972;22:209�24
-
Snijders RJ, Sherrod C, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KH. Fetal growth retardation: associated malformations and chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:547�55
-
Lynch L, Berkowitz RL. First trimester growth delay in trisomy 18. AmJ Perinatol 1989;6:237�9
-
Drugan A, Johnson MP, Isada NB, Holzgreve W. Zador IE, Dombrowski MP, Sokol RJ, Hallak M, Evans MI. The smaller than expected first-trimester fetus is at increased risk for chromosome anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1525�8
-
Kuhn P, Brizot ML, Pandya PP, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Crown-rump length in chromosomally abnormal fetuses at 10 to 13 weeks� gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172: 32�5
-
Macintosh MC, Brambati B, Chard T, Grudzinskas JG. Crown�rump length in aneuploid fetuses: implications for first-trimester biochemical screening for aneuploidies. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15:691�4
-
Bahado-Singh RO, Lynch L, Deren O, Morotti R, Copel J, Mahoney MJ, Williams J. First- trimester growth restriction and fetal aneuploidy: the effect of type of aneuploidy and gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:976�80
-
Schemmer G, Wapner RJ, Johnson A, Schemmer M, Norton HJ, Anderson WE. First-trimester growth patterns of aneuploid fetuses. Prenat Diagn 1997;17:155�9
-
Campbell S, Warsof SL, Little D, Cooper DJ. Routine ultrasound screening for the prediction of gestational age. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:613�20
-
Bergsi� P, Denman III DW, Hoffman J, Meirik O. Duration of human singleton pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990;69:197�207
-
Geirsson RT. Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1991;1:212�19
-
Schats R, Jansen CAM, Wladimiroff JW. Abnormal embryonic heart rate pattern in early pregnancy associated with Down�s syndrome. Hum Reprod 1990;5: 877�9
-
Van Lith JMM, Visser GHA, Mantingh A, Beekhuis JR. Fetal heart rate in early pregnancy and chromosomal disorders. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:741�4
-
Martinez JM, Echevarria M, Borrell A Puerto B, Ojuel J, Fortuny A. Fetal heart rate and nuchal translucency in detecting chromosomal abnormalities other than Down syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:68�71
-
Hyett JA, Noble PL, Snijders RJ, Montenegro N, Nicolaides KH. Fetal heart rate in trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities at 10�14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7: 239�44
-
Robinson HP, Shaw-Dunn J. Fetal heart rates as determined by sonar in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1973;90:805�9
-
Rempen A. Diagnosis of viability in early pregnancy with vaginal sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1990; 9:711�16
-
Wisser J, Dirschedl P. Embryonic heart rate in dated human embryos. Early Hum Dev 1994;37: 107�15
-
Wladimiroff JW, Seelen JC. Fetal heart action in early pregnancy. Development of fetal vagal function. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1972;2:55�63
-
Hyett JA, Brizot ML, Von-Kaisenberg CS, McKie AT, Farzaneh F, Nicolaides KH. Cardiac gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in trisomic fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:506�10
-
Teitel D, Rudolph AM. Perinatal oxygen delivery and cardiac function. Adv Paediatr 1985;32: 321�47
-
Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Cardiac output in the fetal lamb: the effects of spontaneous and induced changes of heart rate on right and left ventricular output. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;124: 183�92
-
Wladimiroff J, Huisman T, Stewart P. Fetal and umbilical blood flow velocity waveforms between 10 and 16 weeks gestation: a preliminary study. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:812�14
-
Brown R, Di Luzio L, Gomes C, Nicolaides KH. The umbilical artery pulsatility index in the first trimester: is there an association with increased nuchal translucency or chromosomal abnormality? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:244�7
-
Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D, Campbell S. In vivo investigation of the placental circulation by Doppler echography. Placenta 1995;16:323�31
-
Martinez JM, Borrell A, Antonin E, Puerto B, Casals E, Ojuel J, Fortuny A. Combining nuchal translucency and umbilical Doppler velocimetry for detecting fetal trisomies in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:11�14
-
Jauniaux E, Gavrill P, Khun P, Kurdi W, Hyett J, Nicolaides KH. Fetal heart rate and umbilico-placental Doppler flow velocity waveforms in early pregnancies with a chromosomal abnormality and/or an increased nuchal translucency thickness. Hum Reprod 1996;11:435�9
-
Gudmundsson S, Huhta JC, Wood DC, Tulzer G, Cohen AW, Weiner S. Venous Doppler ultrasonography in the fetus with nonimmune hydrops. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:333�7
-
Reed KL, Appleton CP, Anderson CF, Shenker L, Sahn DJ. Doppler studies of vena cava flows in human fetuses. Insights into normal and abnormal cardiac physiology. Circulation 1990;81: 498�505
-
Reuss ML, Rudolph AM, Dae MW. Phasic blood flow patterns in the superior and inferior venae cavae and umbilical vein of fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:70�8
-
Brown RN, Di Luzio L, Gomes C, Nicolaides KH. First trimester umbilical venous Doppler sonography in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses. J Ultrasound Med 1999;18:543�6
-
Kiserud T. In a different vein: the ductus venosus could yield much valuable information. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;9:369�72
-
Montenegro N, Matias A, Areias JC, Castedo S, Barros H. Increased fetal nuchal translucency: possible involvement of early cardiac failure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:265�8
-
Matias A, Gomes C, Flack N, Montenegro N, Nicolaides KH. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities at 11�14 weeks: the role of ductus venosus blood flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:380�4
-
Brizot ML, Bersinger NA, Zydias G, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum Schwangerschafts protein-1 (SP1) and fetal chromosomal abnormalities at 10�13 weeks of gestation. Early Hum Dev 1995;30:31�6
-
Brizot ML, Kuhn P, Bersinger NA, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. First trimester maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein in fetal trisomies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:31�4
-
Noble PL, Wallace EM, Snijders RJM, Groome NP, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum inhibin-A and free beta hCG concentrations in trisomy 21 pregnancies at 10�14 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:367�71
-
Ozturk M, Milunsky A, Brambati B, Sachs ES, Miller SL, Wands JR. Abnormal maternal levels of hCG subunits in trisomy 18. Am J Med Genet 1990;36:480�3
-
Spencer K, Macri JN, Aitken DA, Connor JM. Free beta hCG as a first trimester marker for fetal trisomy. Lancet 1992;339:1480
-
Isles RK, Sharma K, Wathen NC, et al. hCG, free subunit and PAPP-A composition in normal and Down�s syndrome pregnancies. In Fourth conference: Endocrinology and Metabolism in Human Reproduction. London: RCOG, 1993
-
Macri JN, Spencer K, Aitken DA, Garver K, Buchanan PD, Muller F, Boue A. First trimester free beta-hCG screening for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1993;13:557�62
-
Pescia G, Marguerat PH, Weihs D, The HN, Maillard C, Loertscher A, Senn A. First trimester free beta-hCG and SP1 as markers for fetal chromosomal disorders: a prospective study of 250 women undergoing CVS. In Fourth Conference: Endocrinology and Metabolism in Human Reproduction. London: RCOG, 1993:45
-
Brambati B, Tului L, Bonacchi I, Shrimanker K, Suzuki Y, Grudzinskas JG. Serum PAPP-A and free beta hCG are first-trimester screening markers for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1994;14: 1043�7
-
Kellner LH, Weiss RR, Weiner Z, Neur M, Martin G. Early first trimester serum AFP, UE3, hCG and free beta-hCG measurements in unaffected and affected pregnancies with fetal Down syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1994;55:A281
-
Forest J-C, Masse J, Moutquin J-M. Screening for Down syndrome during the first trimester: a prospective study using free b-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A. Clin Biochem 1997;30:333�8
-
Macintosh MCM, Iles R, Teisner B, Sharma K, Chard T, Grudzinskas JG, Ward RHT, Muller F. Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnancy associated plasma protein A, markers for fetal Down syndrome at 8�14 weeks. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:203�8
-
Biagiotti R, Cariati E, Brizzi L, D�Agata A. Maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102: 660�2
-
Brizot ML, Snijders RJM, Butler J, Bersinger NA, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum hCG and fetal nuchal translucency thickness for the prediction of fetal trisomies in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:127�32
-
Noble PL, Abraha HD, Snijders RJM, Sherwood R, Nicolaides KH. Screening for fetal trisomy 21 in the first trimester of pregnancy: maternal serum free b-hCG and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;6:390�5
-
Krantz DA, Larsen JW, Buchanan PD, Macri JN. First trimester Down syndrome screening: free ??human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy associated plasma protein A. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:612�16
-
Scott F, Wheeler D, Sinosich M, Boogert A, Anderson J, Edelman D. First trimester aneuploidy screening using nuchal translucency, free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and maternal age. Aust NZ Obstet Gynaecol 1996;36:381�4
-
Wald NJ, George L, Smith D, Densem JW, Petterson K, on behalf of the International Prenatal Screening Research Group. Serum screening for Down�s syndrome between 8 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;104:407�12
-
Berry E, Aitken DA, Crossley JA, Macri JN, Connor JM. Screening for Down�s syndrome: changes in marker levels and detection rates between first and second trimester. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:811�17
-
Spencer K, Noble P, Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. First trimester urine free beta hCG, beta core and total oestriol in pregnancies affected by Down�s syndrome: implications for first trimester screening with nuchal translucency and serum free beta hCG. Prenat Diagn 1997;17:525�38
-
Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Williams J, Miller WA, Johnson A. Screening of maternal serum for fetal Down�s syndrome in the first trimester. N Engl J Med 1998;338:955�61
-
Wheeler DM, Sinosich MJ. Prenatal screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1998;18: 537�43
-
de Graaf IM, Pajkrt E, Bilardo CM, Leschot NJ, Cuckle HS, Van Lith JM. Early pregnancy screening for fetal aneuploidy with serum markers and nuchal translucency. Prenat Diagn 1999;19: 458�62
-
Spencer K, Souter V, Tul N, Snijders R, Nicolaides KH. A screening program for trisomy 21 at 10�14 weeks using fetal nuchal translucency, maternal serum free ?-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:231�7
-
Wald N, Stone R, Cuckle HS, Grudzinskas JG, Barkai G, Brambati B, Teisner B, Fuhrmann W. First trimester concentrations of pregnancy associated plasma protein A and placental protein 14 in Down�s syndrome. Br Med J 1992;305:28
-
Brambati B, Macintosh MCM, Teisner B, Maguiness S, Shrimanker K, Lanzani A, Bonacchi I, Tului L, Chard T, Grudzinskas JG. Low maternal serum levels of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in the first trimester in association with abnormal fetal karyotype. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:324�6
-
Hurley PA, Ward RHT, Teisner B, Isles RK, Lucas M, Grudzinskas JG. Serum PAPP-A measurements in first trimester screening for Down�s syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1996;13:903�8
-
Muller F, Cuckle HS, Teisner B, Grudzinskas JG. Serum PAPP-A levels are depressed in women with fetal Down�s syndrome in early pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 1993;13:633�6
-
Bersinger NA, Brizot ML, Johnson A, Snijders RJM, Abbott J, Schneider H, Nicolaides KH. First trimester maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and pregnancy-specific ?1-glycoprotein in fetal trisomies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:970�4
-
Brizot ML, Snijders RJM, Bersinger NA, Kuhn P, Nicolaides KH. Maternal serum pregnancy associated placental protein A and fetal nuchal translucency thickness for the prediction of fetal trisomies in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:918�22
-
Spencer K, Aitken DA, Crossley JA, McGaw G, Berry E, Anderson R, Connor JM, Macri JN. First trimester biochemical screening for trisomy 21: the role of free beta hCG, alpha fetoprotein and pregnancy associated plasma protein A. Ann Clin Biochem 1994;31:447�54
-
Casals E, Fortuny A, Grudzinskas JG, Suzuki Y, Teisner B, Comas C, Sanllehy C, Ojuel J, Borrell A, Soler A, Ballesta AM. First trimester biochemical screening for Down syndrome with the use of PAPP-A, AFP and beta-hCG. Prenat Diagn 1996;16:405�10
-
Orlandi F, Damiani G, Hallahan TW, Krantz DA, Macri JN. First trimester screening for aneuploidy: biochemistry and nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:381�6 168. Tsukerman GL, Gusina NB, Cuckle HS. Maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in the first trimester: experience from Belarus. Prenat Diagn 1999;19:499�504
- Tsukerman GL, Gusina NB, Cuckle HS. Maternal serumscreening for Down syndrome in the first trimester: experience from Belarus. Prenat Diagn 1999;19:499�504
-
De Biasio P, Siccardi M, Volpe G, Famularo L, Santi P, Canini S. First trimester screening for Down�s syndrome using nuchal translucency measurement with free beta-hCG and PAPP-A between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy: the combined test. Prenat Diagn 1999;19:360�3
-
Wald NJ, Watt HC, Hackshaw AK. Integrated screening for Down�s syndrome based on tests performed during the first and second trimesters. N Engl J Med 1999;341:461�7
-
Copel J, Bahado-Singh RO. Prenatal screening for Down�s syndrome � a search for the family�s values. N Engl J Med 1999;341:521�2
-
Kadir RA, Economides DL. The effect of nuchal translucency measurement on second trimester biochemical screening for Down�s syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;9:244�7
-
Thilaganathan B, Slack A, Wathen NC. Effect of first-trimester nuchal translucency on second- trimester maternal serum biochemical screening for Down�s syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:261�4
-
Nicolaides KH, Snijders RJM, Gosden CM, Berry C, Campbell S. Ultrasonographically detectable markers of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Lancet 1992;340:704�7
-
Snijders RJM, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of risks. In Ultrasound Markers for Fetal Chromosomal Defects. Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing, 1996:63�120
-
Snijders RJ, Sebire NJ, Faria M, Patel F, Nicolaides KH. Fetal mild hydronephrosis and chromosomal defects: relation to maternal age and gestation. Fetal Diagn Ther 1995;10:349�55
-
Snijders RJM, Shawa L, Nicolaides KH. Fetal choroid plexus cysts and trisomy 18: assessment of risk based on ultrasound findings and maternal age. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:1119�27
-
Nyberg DA, Luthy DA, Resta RG, Nyberg BC, Williams MA. Age-adjusted ultrasound risk assessment for fetal Down�s syndrome during the second trimester: description of the method and analysis of 142 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:8�14
-
Donnenfeld AE, Carlson DE, Palomaki GE, Librizzi RJ, Weiner S, Platt L. Prospective multicenter study of second trimester nuchal skinfold thickness in unaffected and Down syndrome pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:844�7
-
Biagiotti R, Periti E, Cariati E. Humerus and femur length in fetuses with Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:429�34
-
Cuckle H, Wald N, Quinn J, Royston P, Butler L. Ultrasound fetal femur length measurement in the screening for Down�s syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:1373�8
-
Grandjean H, Sarramon MF. Femur/foot length ratio for detection of Down syndrome: results of a multicenter prospective study. The Association Francaise pour le Depistage et la Prevention des Handicaps de l�Enfant Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:16�19
-
Johnson MP, Michaelson JE, Barr M, Treadwell MC, Hume RF, Dombrowski MP, Evans MI. Combining humerus and femur length for improved ultrasonographic identification of pregnancies at increased risk for trisomy 21. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1229�35
-
Owen J, Wenstrom KD, Hardin JM, Boots LR, Hsu CC, Cosper PC, DuBard MB. The utility of fetal biometry as an adjunct to the multiple-marker screening test for Down syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;17:1041�6
-
Vintzileos AM, Egan JF, Smulian JC, Campbell WA, Guzman ER, Rodis JF. Adjusting the risk for trisomy 21 by a simple ultrasound method using fetal long-bone biometry. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87: 953�8
-
Bromley B, Doubilet P, Frigoletto FD, Jr, Krauss C, Estroff JA, Benacerraf BR. Is fetal hyperechoic bowel on second-trimester sonogram an indication for amniocentesis? Obstet Gynecol 1994;83: 647�51
-
Corteville JE, Gray DL, Langer JC. Bowel abnormalities in the fetus � correlation of prenatal ultrasonographic findings with outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:724�9
-
Muller F, Dommergues M, Aubry MC, Simon-Bouy B, Gautier E, Oury JF, Narcy F. Hyperechogenic fetal bowel: an ultrasonographic marker for adverse fetal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:508�13
-
Homola J. Are echogenic foci in fetal heart ventricles insignificant findings?. Ceska Gynekologie 1997;62:280�2
-
Simpson JM, Cook A, Sharland G. The significance of echogenic foci in the fetal heart: a prospective study of 228 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:225�8
-
Vibhakar NI, Budorick NE, Sciosia AL, Harby LD, Mullen ML, Sklansky MS. Prevalence of aneuploidy with a cardiac intraventricular echogenic focus in an at-risk patient population. J Ultrasound Med 1999;18:265�8
-
Vintzileos AM, Campbell WA, Guzman ER, Smulian JC, McLean DA, Ananth CV. Second- trimester ultrasound markers for detection of trisomy 21: which markers are best? Obstet Gynecol 1997;89:941�4
-
Wickstrom EA, Thangavelu M, Parilla BV, Tamura RK, Sabbagha RE. A prospective study of the association between isolated fetal pyelectasis and chromosomal abnormality. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88:379�82
-
Bianchi DW, Flint AF, Pizzimenti MF, Knoll JHM, Latt SA. Isolation of fetal DNA from nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:3279�83
-
Price JO, Elias S, Wachtel S, Klinger K, Dockter M, Tharapel A, Shulman LP, Phillips OP, Meyers CM, Shook D, Simpso JL. Prenatal diagnosis with fetal cells isolated from maternal blood by multiparameter flow cytometry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1731�7
-
Hamada H, Arinami T, Kubo T, Hamaguchi H, Iwasaki H. Fetal nucleated cells in maternal peripheral blood: frequency and relationship to gestational age. Hum Genet 1993;91:427�32
-
Ganshirt-Ahlert D, Burschyk M, Garritsen HSP, Helmer L, Miny P, Horst J, Schneider HPG, Holzgreve W. Magnetic cell sorting and the transferrin receptor as potential means of prenatal diagnosis from maternal blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1350�5
-
Wachtel S, Elias S, Price J, Wachtel G, Phillips O, Shulman L, Meyers C, Simpson JL, Dockter M. Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: isolation by multiparameter flow cytometry and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. Hum Reprod 1991;6:1466�9
-
Al-Mufti R, Hambley H, Farzaneh F, Nicolaides KH. Investigation of maternal blood enriched for fetal cells: Role in screening and diagnosis of fetal trisomies. Am J Med Genet 1999;85:66�75
-
Durrant LG, MeDowall KM, Holmes RA, Liu DTY. Screening of monoclonal antibodies recognizing oncofetal antigens for isolation of trophoblasts from maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:131�40
-
Pandya PP, Kuhn P, Brizot M, Cardy DL, Nicolaides KH. Rapid detection of chromosome aneuploides in fetal blood and chorionic villi by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:493�7
-
Bianchi DW, Mahr A, Zickwolf GK, House TW, Flint AF, Klinger KW. Detection of fetal cells with 47XY,+21 karyotype in maternal peripheral blood. Hum Genet 1992; 90:368�70
-
Ganshirt-Ahlert D, Borjesson-Stoll R, Burschyk M, Dohr A, Garritsen HSP, Helmer L, Miny P, Velasco M, Walde C, Patterson D, Teng N, Bhat NM, Bieber MM, Holzgreve W. Detection of fetal trisomies 21 and 18 from maternal blood using triple gradient and magnetic cell sorting. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;30:194�201
-
Simpson JL, Elias S. Isolating fetal cells in maternal circulation for prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 1994;14:1229�42
-
Ager RP, Oliver RW. In The Risks of Mid-trimester Amniocentesis, Being a Comparative, Analytical Review of the Major Clinical Studies. Salford University, 1986
-
Tabor A, Philip J, Madsen M, Bang J, Obel EB, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4,606 low-risk women. Lancet 1986;i:1287�93
-
Nicolaides KH, Brizot M, Patel F, Snijders R. Comparison of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping at 10�13 weeks� gestation. Lancet 1994;344:435�9
-
Sundberg K, Bang J, Smidt-Jensen S, et al. Randomised study of risk of fetal loss related to early amniocentesis versus chorionic villus sampling. Lancet 1997;350:697�703
-
CEMAT Group. Randomised trial to assess safety and fetal outcome of early and mid-trimester amniocentesis. Lancet 1998;351:242�7
-
Canadian Collaborative CVS�Amniocentesis Clinical Trial Group. Multicentre randomised clinical trial of chorion villus sampling and amniocentesis. Lancet 1989;i:1�6
-
Smidt-Jensen S, Permin M, Philip J, Lundsteen C, Zachary JM, Fowler SE, Gruning K. Randomised comparison of amniocentesis and transabdominal and transcervical chorionic villus sampling. Lancet 1992;340:1238�44
-
Ammala P, Hiilesmaa VK, Liukkonen S, Saisto T, Teramo K, Von Koskull H. Randomized trial comparing first trimester transcervical chorionic villus sampling and second trimester amniocentesis. Prenat Diagn 1993;13:919�27
-
European study: MRC working party on the evaluation of chorion villus sampling. Medical Research Council European trial of chorion villus sampling. Lancet 1991;337:1491�9
-
Firth HV, Boyd PA, Chamberlain P, MacKenzie IZ, Lindenbaum RH, Huson SM. Severe limb abnormalities after chorion villous sampling at 56�66 days� gestation. Lancet 1991;337:762�3
-
Firth HV, Boyd PA, Chamberlain PF, MacKenzie IZ, Morriss-Kay GM, Huson SM. Analysis of limb reduction defects in babies exposed to chorion villus sampling. Lancet 1994;343:1069�71
-
Froster-Iskenius UG, Baird PA. Limb reduction defects in over one million consecutive livebirths. Teratology 1989;39:127�35
-
Foster UG, Jackson L. Limb defects and chorionic villus sampling; results from an international registry 1992�94. Lancet 1996;347:489�94




